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Mathematics of a Carpenter’s Square Abstract The mathematics behind extracting square roots, the octagon scale, polygon cuts, angle and other techniques using a carpenter's square Introduction The carpenter’s square was invented centuries ago, and is also called a builder’s, flat, framing, rafter, and a steel square. It was. A B/C Specification (Square & Rectangular Tubing) Straightness Max(Inches) = (Length(ft) / 5) x 1/8 ±2°Max from square (90 degrees) Max 3t the nominal wall thickness Twist Radius of Corners Squareness of Sides Over /2 - /2 incl Over /2 - 4 incl Largest outside dimension (inches) Max in 3ft (in) /2 and under One site. Everything SECO.
Cuts for steel square pdf download
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, cuts for steel square pdf download, or services discussed at this website. A framing square is a lot more than a simple square-cut saw guide.
This simple device is crammed with tables, data and tricks that allow a carpenter to lay out roof rafters, stairs, or other building features.
A carpenter's framing square includes tables stamped right into the tool itself. This article explains how to make quick use of a framing square and its imprinted data to get some basic roof measurement data like roof pitch or slope, rafter lengths, and end cuts, stair stringer cuts, lengths of braces and other construction measurements. Roof measurement methods: these articles explain various methods for measuring all roof data: roof slope or pitch, rise, run, area, and other features.
This article series gives clear examples just about every possible way to figure out any or all roof dimensions and measurements expressing the roof area, width, length, slope, rise, run, and cuts for steel square pdf download rise in inches per foot.
On both the long and short arms of the framing square are marked various framing tables giving rafter lengths, roof slopes and the proper angle of cuts for various roofing connections such as a rafter end abutting the ridge board, the birds' mouth cut at the rafter segment that rests atop a wall plate, hip and valley rafter cuts and other information.
We start by defining the parts of the square, then we list each of the tables found on the carpenter's square and we explain what the table is for. Special tables give the number of joists, studs, or rafters in cuts for steel square pdf download floor, ceiling, cuts for steel square pdf download, wall or roof of given dimension.
Another clever table allows you to accurately frame complex structures such as an octagon, cuts for steel square pdf download. Our sketch above illustrates just one of many uses of the carpenter's square: to lay-out a stair stringer, steps and step rise. The parts and faces of the framing square labelled in the framing square photograph above, and are referred to as follows:. Below our photo shows the front or face side of the heel of a framing square.
You'll see that the manufacturer's name Empire and the framing square model number e appear on the framing square's heel face. Watch out : the measurement scales along various edges of the framing square are not all in the same units. We will discuss the inch-divisions shown on the heel face of the framing square in just a bit further along in this article. Here we'll list all of the tables found on a decent quality framing square, then we'll explain how each of them is used.
Seen from the top edge of the framing square blade then moving downwards, cuts for steel square pdf download, on the front of the blade when you hold the framing square with the tongue or shorter arm to your right and pointing down you'll see inches marked in 16ths on the blade top edge, then the tables we give below, and finally inches marked in 8ths on the bottom edge of the blade.
Above: an example of one of the rafter length data columns explained in the article cited just above. When you hold the framing square with the tongue or shorter arm to your right and pointing down, cuts for steel square pdf download, on the outer edge of the framing square tongue are inches marked in 8ths, then the table I cite below, and finally inches marked in 16ths on the inner edge of the tongue. The framing square Brace Triangle Tablealso referred to as the Brace Rule - is discussed in detail.
Found beginning under the 2-inch column on the back of a framing square blade and extending to below the 8-inch column of data is a table titled. This table gives the number of framing members N in a floor, ceiling, wall or roof of width or "run" W. Found under the inch columns on the framing square blade back, this framing square table converts inch measurements into decimal fractions of a foot. Found under the inch columns on the framing square blade back, this table helps you convert inches of rise to slope expressed in degrees.
Found under the inch columns on the framing square blade back, Empire includes a table of recommended pilot hole diameter for wood screws of various sizes. For example, in the table shown above, if you are using a 10 wood screw the pilot hole should be 0. A savvy carpenter will use this table given on the right end of the back side of the framing square body to find common close enough conversions of fractions of an inch to 8ths, 16ths, or 32ds.
That table is shown just below. Let's use the decimal to inch conversion table above to find the length of our brace hypotenuse in the 33 33 We want to convert Look into the table and find the decimal fraction closest to. Without a lot of thought I think figure that. Let's see just how close this table gets us to spot-on by calculating the numbers instead of using the table above. Whip out your cellphone, turn on its calculator and multiply the number cuts for steel square pdf download sixteenths in an inch that's 16 of course by.
What's nice about these brace length numbers is that if you measure the hypotenuse length carefully to match the numbers in the brace table you can just slap your speed-square or try-square onto the length measurement point and with your square set at 45 degrees, mark your cut. For my example, your triangular layout of the brace, measured on the outermost edge of the bracing member, will be 33" on the two short sides and 46" on the long side. Why do we care about identifying the "face" or the "back" of the framing square?
Because the two arms and four sides of them contain different tables of saw cut information that some cuts for steel square pdf download will identify by their location on the framing square. Watch out : you can get fouled up by different subdivisions of the inch markings on the face and back of a framing square. Remember to check the divisions as the 12ths and 10ths below can lead you to make a measuring or saw cut mistake.
Some texts say "always make your measurements using the outside edges of the framing square so that you won't get fouled-up. That advice does not work. For example, the front outside edges of the framing square measure 16ths or 8ths of an inch, depending on which blade you use, but the back outside edges of a framing square are marked in 12ths.
Early framing squares were made of hardwood and carefully trued then braced into a right angle. Modern carpenters have used steel squares and more recently aluminum framing squares for decades.
The traditional steel framing square was black while newer framing squares are often made of aluminum. Who cares what color or metal comprise your framing square? You might. In the photo of my old hand tools abovethe red arrow points to this framing square while the green arrow points to an aluminum speed square whose added thickness forms a cuts for steel square pdf download saw guide. My old black steel framing square was easy to read in various lighting conditions, was very resistant to gouges from my rock knife when I used the square to make cuts in drywall or to make cuts in lumber as one might do to avoid chipping up wood when cross-cutting with a power saw.
This black square also got hot as hell when cuts for steel square pdf download flat in bright sunlight. And as the finish wore off of this tool, if I did not use it often enough it was prone to rust. My current framing square, made by Empire Level, is made of light blue aluminum.
The numbers and lines are of the same color and are quite a bit harder to read in some light conditions. This square is also easily gouged and scarred when in use. It is a bit lighter and a bit cooler in the hot sun. I miss my old square but truth is, I had allowed the old one to get a bit rusty. As the numbers and line markings on your framing square are recessed, having been stamped into the metal of its body, you can improve the legibility of a monotonic framing square for you carpenters that means it's all the same colorby painting the whole square surface with white latex paint, cuts for steel square pdf download.
Right after you've made a horrible white painted mess of the square's surface, wipe it off before the paint dries. You'll see that some white paint will remain in the recessed numbers and grooves of the tool.
The manufacturer could have done this too, but then they'd have to charge you more for the tool. Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. Just ask us! Share this article. Search the InspectApedia website. Spence, William P. Sterling Publishing. ISBN Main St. See our book review of this publication. Tel: Email: info cuts for steel square pdf download. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material.
The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
How to Use a Framing Square
, time: 2:08Cuts for steel square pdf download
A B/C Specification (Square & Rectangular Tubing) Straightness Max(Inches) = (Length(ft) / 5) x 1/8 ±2°Max from square (90 degrees) Max 3t the nominal wall thickness Twist Radius of Corners Squareness of Sides Over /2 - /2 incl Over /2 - 4 incl Largest outside dimension (inches) Max in 3ft (in) /2 and under The standard two-foot framing square, also referred to as a "carpenter's square" and historically as a "steel square" is an L-shaped tool that is used to mark angles for cuts used in building framing, particularly roof rafters, stair stringers, and many other cuts or angles other than 90°. Sep 17, · Book digitized by Google from the library of the New York Public Library and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Skip to main content. This banner text can have markup. The steel square and its uses; a complete, up-to-date encyclopedia on the practical uses of the steel square PDF download. download 1 file.
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